Lawn Chair Catechism, Session 1

LawnChairCatechismSquare This summer, CatholicMom.com is hosting an on-line book discussion group for Sherry Weddell’s Forming Intentional Disciples. Each session will focus on one chapter of the book, and yours truly is participating. Hit the link above to see all of the participants, and to find the discussion questions.

How would you describe your lived relationship with God to this point in your life?I’m a Lay Dominican, and so making God part of my daily life is simply something I do. That includes regular times of prayer, as well as cultivating an awareness of the presence of God as I go about my day.

What does the word “discipleship” mean to you? To be a disciple is to accept a teacher’s discipline, or way of life. We are to be disciples of Christ, and to follow his ways.

Do you perceive a need in the Church today to help lay Catholics become more fervent followers of Jesus Christ? Absolutely. We Catholics are generally happy to pitch in to help others, and so follow the second of the two great commandments; but the first great commandment is to love God with all of our heart, soul, mind, and strength, and we mostly haven’t been taught what that means.

How would you describe your parish’s current efforts at discipleship? A hotbed of discipleship? A weekly gathering of spiritual sleep-walkers? Or perhaps something in between? It’s hard for me to say, precisely, because of my involvement with my Lay Dominican chapter, which is at another parish altogether. But there are some things I have seen happening over the last several years:

  • For the last year or so, we’ve had an adult faith formation program up and running. Due to our family’s schedule I’ve not generally been able to participate, but I hear good things about.
  • Our pastor has been preaching heavily on the subject of discipleship over the last sixth months; this past Sunday he actually used the phrase “intentional disciple” in his homily.
  • We have quite an active Lifeteen program at our parish, which I’ve been somewhat tangentially involved with. It’s been running for seven years now, and I gather we have a number of young men discerning a call to the priesthood, and at least one young woman discerning a call to religious life.
  • The bishop over our region in the archdiocese has been a strong supporter of the work of the Catherine of Siena Institute for quite a while now (if I remember correctly, he’s mentioned by name in the book).

So things are looking good for the future.

Dominican Friars and Lutheran Wives

Jane found this article, which looks at the problem of loneliness among celibate clergy and the advantages of community life, as exhibited by the Dominicans; and surprisingly, has some suggestions for Protestant pastors.

In passing, the author links the Dominican order to the Inquisition, which is unfortunate; it’s true that Dominicans were involved (among others), and that the Inquisition was largely a Bad Thing, but it’s also true that the Hollywood portrayal of the fiendish, sadistic inquisitor is largely a myth. The truth is considerably more complicated, and as the Inquisition really has nothing to do with the rest of the article, I rather wish he’d left it out. Barring that, though, I found it quite interesting.

The Dominican Laity

Recently, two different people have asked me about what it means to be a Lay Dominican, and what’s involved.

First, to be a Lay Dominican is to be a lay member of the Dominican order. We used to be called the Third Order, or the “tertiaries”; the First Order was the Friars, and the Second Order was the cloistered nuns and active sisters. But the terms First, Second, and Third order are discouraged these days, and we are all just Dominicans together. (Me, I kind of like the term Third Order, but I wasn’t asked).

Every order has its particular charism and focus, and the focus of the Dominican order is preaching for the salvation of souls; the order’s official name is the Order of Preachers. If you see someone write his name with an “OP” after it, you know he’s a Dominican. For us Lay Dominicans, it used to be OPL (Order of Preachers, Lay), and before that it was TOP (Tertiary, Order of Preachers), and now it’s just OP, because we are all just Dominicans together. Which means that if I use the OP after my name I have to say “Mr. Will Duquette, OP”, because otherwise the natural tendency would be to think that I was a friar, which (with a wife and four kids) I am manifestly not.

The Dominicans are a mendicant order, like the Franciscans, and I believe the friars do take a vow of poverty. But the vow of poverty isn’t part of the Dominican identity the way it is for the Franciscans. Dominicans are about four things, the Four Pillars:

Prayer. Everything we do has to be rooted and grounded in prayer. We pray the Liturgy of the Hours (Lauds, Vespers, and Compline) each day, and also the Rosary; and we are to attend mass daily if possible. (For me, it generally isn’t.) Additional private prayer is recommended.

Study. As Dominicans, we study. We study scripture; we study theology; we study the world around us. We study to know God better, and to know His creation better. Truth is what is, beginning with God; and the Dominican motto is Veritas, Truth. Study can flow naturally into and out of prayer; often the times I feel closest to God are when I’ve just been struck by some idea in the midst of study.

Preaching. As I indicated above, the mission of the order is preaching for the salvation of souls. Preaching can take many forms, and the most important thing is that it must be adapted to those to whom you’re preaching. Dominic adopted evangelical poverty because the Albigensians, those he most wanted to reach, were ascetics and much disgusted with the wealth and worldliness they saw in the secular clergy. Dominicans follow St. Paul, in being all things to all men in order to win some. For this reason, Dominic insisted that his rule be revisited over the course of time, so that it would be always fresh.

So different Dominicans preach in different ways. Me, I’m a blogger; and there are other things I do as well.

Community. Dominican friars, nuns, and sisters live in community. Lay Dominicans live in the world, in their own homes, but they come together in their chapter once a month, at least, to pray, study, and (usually) to eat together. You can’t be a Dominican on your own. Dominic sent his friars to the four corners of the world, but he sent them two-by-two. So we pray for each other, and support each other, and learn from each others.

Being a Dominican is a vocation. You have to be called to it, and you have to find a chapter that agrees that you’re called to it. Once you’re professed, you have to make your chapter a priority in your life, just as you do with your family. My chapter meeting is sacred; I’m a lector at mass, but I don’t read at mass on the mornings when my chapter meets.

Before I became a Lay Dominican, I had the romantic notion that the average Dominican chapter would be a group of budding St. Thomas Aquinases. ‘Tain’t so. Dominicans are people, and some are smarter than others, and some are holier than others, and some are sometimes just plain annoying. But as a chapter we have a shared task of growing in holiness together and helping each other along the way.

Lay Dominicans promise to live according to the Dominican Rule (a variant of the Augustinian Rule), and according to the “Particular Directory” of their province. Interesting, unlike other orders the Dominican Rule doesn’t bind on pain of sin: if you do not follow the rule on a particular day, it is not a sin. There are two reasons for this: first, Dominic wanted us to follow the Rule out of love, rather than out of fear of sin; and second, he wanted us to be flexible enough to put the salvation of souls before everything else. Even in the early days, friars were sometimes excused from saying the Divine Office so as to have more time for study; and if I were to be having a fruitful conversation with someone when it was time for Evening Prayer then by all means I should be free to continue it.

Of course, I do sometimes fail to live up to the Rule; and usually for no such good reason as Dominic envisioned. But each day is a new day, and as St. Jose Maria Escriva said, the interior life is beginning and beginning again. With prayer, and study, and (as best I can) preaching; and with community with my chapter. That’s how it all goes.

Profession

So today I renewed my profession as a Lay Dominican. Last year, I promised to live as a Lay Dominican for one year; today I promised to live as a Lay Dominican for the next two years. If all goes as planned, then in two years, I’ll make my Life Profession, and that will be that.

So this is a milestone of sorts; but it’s kind of like turning 45. 40 is a significant milestone; 50 is a significant milestone; 45 is 45.

Still, it’s good. It’s very, very good.

The Human Wisdom of St. Thomas

It’s nicely coincident to my current series of posts that today is the feast of St. Thomas Aquinas. In addition to being one of the greatest thinkers in the history of the world, he is also my elder brother in the Dominican order, and my patron saint.

Recently I got a little book by Josef Pieper called The Human Wisdom of St. Thomas: A Breviary of Philosophy. I say that it’s by Josef Pieper, by that’s misleading—except for a brief forward, all of the text comes from St. Thomas’ own writings. Pieper has simply selected them and arranged them in an interesting and useful way.

Although St. Thomas is one of the great philosophers, he was primarily a theologian, and philosophy, the “handmaiden of theology”, was simply one of the tools he used to illuminate the glory of God. Thus, his philosophy is apparent throughout his writings…but he never attempted to write down his philosophy all in one place. It makes it hard to study.

What Pieper has done is pull brief quotations from across the vast expanse of Thomas’ work, and arrange them by topic…and then arrange them within each topic so that they almost form a continuous thread. His desire for this book was that the would-be Thomist would read a bit of it every day, so that Thomas’ principles and conclusions would sink in.

As an example of the style, the third section is titled (in Thomas’ own words),

There can be good without evil, but there cannot be evil without good.

The quotes in this section all build on this theme. Partway down the first page, for example, we see these three related thoughts:

No essence is in itself evil. Evil has no essence.

Evil consists entirely of not-being.

Nothing can be called evil insofar as it has being, but only insofar as it is deprived of part of its being.

Thus, a man who does evil is one who turns from that which would perfect him to that which diminishes him, makes him less a man. And yet, what remains of him is still good.

Pieper does provide a detailed set of citations at the end of the book; thus, I know that the four quotes I listed here are from the Summa Theologiae, the Summa Contra Gentiles, and from one of the “disputed questions”. Pieper also pulls quotes from the Compendium Theologiae, the commentaries on scripture, the commentaries on Aristotle, and a number of other short works.

In short, the whole book is remarkably pithy, and I would recommend it to anyone interested in St. Thomas and his thought. The joy of philosophy is the wonder at and contemplation of the richness of the world than it engenders, and the briefly stated ideas in this book are an outstanding place to get started with the wondering and the contemplating.

First Profession

The process of becoming a lay member of the Order of Preachers—the Dominican Order, or Order of St. Dominic—is not short. First you spend a year as an inquirer, or postulant in the older terminology. During that time you are learning about the Order and the Dominican rule, and discerning whether you are in fact called to be a lay Dominican. In your second year, as a candidate, or novice, you try to live according to the rule, and you continue your discernment process. In the meantime, the chapter leadership are doing the same, discerning whether in their view you are called to join the order.

At the end of these two years, assuming that you still wish to and that the chapter council agrees, you are eligible to make your first profession—that is, to promise for the first time to live according to the Dominican rule. First profession is always for a particular period of time; and your period of temporary profession can last (with renewals) for three to seven years. At the end of that, you either leave the order or promise to live according to the rule for life.

This morning, I and four others in my chapter made our first professions as Lay Dominicans. Three others made their life professions; and one fellow was received and is consequently now a candidate, or novice. It was quite a morning.

May St. Dominic, St. Catherine of Siena, and St. Thomas Aquinas pray for us!

The Fourth Pillar: Preaching

Tomorrow’s the big day, so I thought I’d finish up my series on the Four Pillars of the Dominican life tonight.

Preaching is the point of the Dominican Order, the Order of Preachers: preaching for the salvation of souls. It’s that last bit that makes it difficult. Anyone can preach so as to annoy, offend, or bore their listeners, and this is so usual a thing that the word “preachy” has distinctly negative connotations. Outside of church, people don’t like to be preached at, and they especially don’t like to be preached at when they aren’t expecting it. One is unlikely to bring souls to Christ by being annoying, offensive, or boring.

So what does it mean for me to preach? How do I propose to do it without being annoying? These are good questions, questions that I expect I’ll be pondering for a good long while. Here’s what I think I know now.

First, St. Francis is famously said to have said (though I’m told he probably didn’t) that one should preach always; when necessary, use words. In other words, one should draw others to Christ simply by how one lives. This is a tall order; but it is, in fact, what all Christians are called to. But leading a life of Christian holiness is a big topic, and one that I don’t intend to get into now.

Second, I intend to preach through this blog. That doesn’t mean that I’m going to write posts filled with hellfire-and-brimstone; it simply means that I’m going to continue to post on the topics that interest me, and one of those topics is the Lord.

In one sense, I regard preaching as simply communicating truth, goodness, and beauty so far as I see them; and as God is the summit of all that is Good, True, and Beautiful, that will mean talking about God. Further, I think we live in a culture that often has only a shadowy notion of what the truth is—indeed, many doubt that truth can really be known.

It might be difficult to do this in a fitting way; but I’ve been shooting my mouth off here long enough that I rather expect I’ll be able to continue. And if I’m boring, well, folks will just go read something else.

Finally, I intend to preach to my family, friends, and co-workers, though I’m not quite sure how. This is the most challenging way, as it’s so easy to do it badly, and so hard to do it well (and I don’t believe that I’ve ever shown much aptitude for it). And then, there are a variety of constraints. For example, however much I might want to reach my co-workers, I am clearly not paid to evangelize them on company time. On the job, my number one tool must be the way I do my work, and the way I work with others.

If I seem unsure, it’s because I am. But then, I’m not becoming a Dominican because I already know how to do these things; I’m becoming a Dominican to learn.

Study: The Third Pillar

The Dominican Order is officially titled the “Order of Preachers”. Everything the order does is supposed to be aimed toward preaching for the salvation of souls. But Dominicans have the wonderfully old-fashioned notion that if you’re going to speak about something you should know what you’re talking about. Hence, study has been an essential part of Dominican life from the beginning. A Dominican might not have anything to eat—the early Dominican friars were mendicants, and begged for their food—but a Dominican always has books.

The first book to study, is, of course, the Bible. Studying the Bible in a Catholic context is a challenging endeavor—not because the Church frowns on it, as some have said, but because there is so very much to know. One of the major principles of exegesis is that a passage of scripture cannot be interpreted in a vacuum, but must be interpreted in the light of all of the remainder of scripture and the entire deposit of faith. Acquiring such a universal knowledge of scripture is difficult, to say the least, and practically speaking we must look for help. Even there, the task is daunting, as Catholics have been reading and commenting on scripture from the earliest days of the Church.

But although study must begin with scripture it doesn’t end there. Dominican study often includes philosophy and theology, as well as various kinds of spiritual reading; and in the lay context, it also includes any kind of study required to live one’s life in the world. In my case, for example, it’s appropriate for me to study software engineering and computer science.

Finally, Dominicans need to be up on current events so as to bring the Faith to bear on the issues of the day. This is the bit, I confess, that I have the least interest in.

I said above that study must begin with scripture, but in fact that’s not quite true. In fact, study must begin with prayer, for prayer is the foundation for everything we do.

Community: The Second Pillar

It’s been said that there’s no such thing as one Christian. As St. Paul tells, we are all members of the body of Christ; and fingers, noses, and spleens can’t live on their own. (We have a lot of spleens in the blogosphere, I notice.) Even the desert hermits lived to some extent in community. And this is also true for Lay Dominicans.

To be a Lay Dominican is to be part of a Lay Dominican Fraternity, also known as a Chapter. And there are two aspects to this. The first is that in a chapter you associate with and can learn from those who are more mature in the faith and in the ways of St. Dominic than you are. You have brothers and sisters who can pull you up and hold you accountable and give you guidance and encouragement. They are companions on your journey.

But there’s a second aspect, too. One’s chapter is very like a family, in the sense that you can choose your friends, but you can’t choose your family; and in every family there is occasionally some friction. And interpersonal friction is an occasion for growing in holiness: for being forbearing and serene in trial, for forgiving others, for loving even when it’s difficult.

Prayer: The First Pillar

The First Pillar of the Dominican life is Prayer, with a capital P, just as it is the First Pillar of any Christian life. As a Lay Dominican I will be expected to pray the principle hours of the Divine Office each day, and also the Rosary, and to attend Mass as often as I can, and this in addition to other forms of prayer on a more ad hoc basis. That’s a lot, and it helps that I haven’t really watched TV in years.

Prayer is not, despite the common misconception, primarily about asking God for things. This is one kind of prayer, and an important one; Jesus himself gave us the Our Father, in which we ask God for a number of things, including our daily bread, that which we need to live. But it isn’t the main event. The primary purpose of prayer is intimacy with God. It is, ultimately an act of will, the act of focussing our attention and concentration upon the Lord, of placing ourselves in God’s presence and simply being there with Him.

This is easier said than done—indeed, without God’s grace and the aid of the Holy Spirit we couldn’t manage it at all. It takes practice, and patience, and lots and lots of grace. But the essence of love is not that we have loved God, but that He has loved us. The history of the world is not one of Man reaching up to God but of God reaching down to us. And that makes true intimacy with God possible.* And as God, infinite God, is the source of all that is good, all that is true, all that is beautiful, He is the answer to our deepest yearnings.

* Please do not think that I’m writing as some kind of spiritual master. At most I’ve taken a few steps on what promises to be a very long journey. But I’ve read a lot of travel brochures!