Who Do You Love?

I suppose that really ought to be “whom”, but be that as it may.

There is a significant dynamic in the Christian life. God loves us, and in order to receive that love we must pass it along to others. In fact, loving others increases our capacity for receiving God’s love; so not only must we love our neighbors as ourselves, but in loving our neighbors we are loving ourselves.

So who are our neighbors, and how do we love them?

First, there are those we know personally, and those we don’t. Those we know personally–our family, our friends, our co-workers–can be the easiest and that hardest to love. Easiest because they are right there, in front of us, and hardest because their faults are also right there in front of us. Of those we don’t, there are again two categories: those we see, and those we don’t see.

Those we don’t see are those in other towns, in other states, in other countries. These are generally quite easy to love: write a check, drop it in the mail. Say a blanket prayer for disaster victims in Myanmar. The check must represent hard-earned money, but writing and mailing it is pretty quick, and I don’t even need to leave my house. Saying a quick prayer is even easier.

The hard ones are the ones we see but don’t know: the hordes of people we see at the movie theater or the shopping mall or walking down the street. We don’t know them. We don’t know what they need. Most of them are not obviously hungry, or sick, or in need of alms-giving. There’s probably nothing they want our help with, and they’d be surprised and dismayed if we offered. (Try accosting someone at the mall, and asking them if there’s anything you can do for them. How would you react?)

How can we love them, in more than an abstract and theoretical sense? How can we let them know that it isn’t our own love we are offering, but God’s?

I can think of all sorts of things that won’t work. Is there anything that will?

What Would Thomas Blog?

Phil at Brandywine Books suggests that St. Thomas might have blogged the Compendium Theologiae himself, had blogging been invented in his day. To which I respond:

It would seem that, if St. Thomas Aquinas were alive today he would be a blogger. On the contrary, St. Thomas could not possibly have written so many great works of philosophy and theology had he spent his time at the keyboard. I answer that St. Thomas would have had a collection of bloggers with laptops close to hand at all times, to whom he would have dictated blog posts in round-robin fashion, in between dictating paragraphs of the Summa Contra Gentiles and the like.

More Blogging Aquinas

I’ve got posts up at the Blogging Aquinas blog on the first two chapters of St. Thomas Aquinas’ Shorter Summa. Surely there’s someone who can drop by and help me relieve my ignorance? I’m actually going to try to post something there every day, as I work through the book; we’ll see how it goes.

Blogging Aquinas

I’m starting a new project, involving study of St. Thomas Aquinas’ Compendium Theologiae, which is currently in print as Aquinas’ Shorter Summa. I’ve created a new blog just for this; if you’d like to join in, drop on by. (And please do! I need all of the help I can get.)

I do plan to keep blogging here as well.

Cities of God, by Rodney Stark

This is a fascinating book.

Subtitled, somewhat flamboyantly, “The Real Story of How Christianity Became an Urban Movement and Conquered Rome,” Stark’s book takes a quantitative and statistical look at how Christianity spread between Christ’s death and the year 250 AD. That sounds dry, but it’s anything but.

Stark begins by selecting the thirty-one major cities of that time, and then quantifying various facts about them. Did they first have a Christian community by 100 AD? by 180 AD? by 250 AD? Were they port cities or inland? Were they more or less Hellenic in culture? Were they centers of the cults of Isis or Cybele? Did they have sizeable Jewish communities? Then, given these and other data items, he begins to test a number of statistical hypotheses. For example, his results support the hypotheses that Christianity tend to first appear in port cities, and in cities that were part of the Jewish Diaspora. These are obvious conclusions, and most historians would agree with them; but as it notes, if his quantitative method is valid it should give the obvious answer when the answer is really obvious.

It’s his later conclusions that I found most interesting. He spends a great deal of time on the early Christian heresies, especially those which are collectively termed “gnosticism” these days. Some writers, notably Elaine Pagels, have in recent years claimed that there were many Christianities in the early days of the Church, that the Catholic Church suppressed the gnostic Christians, and that perhaps the gnostics had as much right to the name of Christian as those who retained it. Stark investigates this position and finds that it was far otherwise.

A digression. There are quite a few documents found in the last century that have been termed “gnostic”, mostly because it’s a convenient term. Of these, some had sizeable groups associated with them; some had small groups; of others, nothing of their authors or readers is known. The more sizeable groups all tended to share a similar set of beliefs: that the physical universe was not created directly by the One God, but by an evil deity, subordinate to the One God and disobedient to him, called the Demiurge. According to these groups, our souls are creations of the One God, but our bodies and all the things of the physical world are irredeemably evil. This led some groups to extreme asceticism, and others to extreme debauchery—if body and soul are separate, why not let your body do what it likes?—but on the evils of the physical world they were agreed.

Stark compares the locations of known “demiurgist” groups with those of known Christian congregations, and also with those of non-gnostic Christian heresies, the Marcionites and the Montanists. He finds that Marcionite and Montanists groups appeared in the same places as Christian congregations, which is what you’d expect of Christian heresies; they were drawing on the same pool of potential converts, and also from the orthodox groups. The presence of the Manichees and the Valentinians shows a significantly different pattern. These groups are correlated solely with the larger cities (then, as now, more able to support oddball groups), and particularly with those cities in which paganism remained strong the longest. He finds no significant correlation between the presence of Christian and gnostic congregations.

The conclusion is obvious: although the gnostic groups used semi-Christian imagery, they were not really an outgrowth of Christianity at all. On the contrary, they were outgrowths of classical paganism.

As I say, interesting stuff. Moreover, Stark provides all of the numbers (including the correlation coefficients, regression results, and so forth) that underly his conclusions (in an appendix, I hasten to add—the casual reader need not fear). I studied quite a bit of statistics once upon a time, and though I’ve not used it recently I’ve no doubt I could repeat his results with a bit of work, given the data in the book itself.

The book’s not perfect; I had a few quibbles here and there, and being a work of social science it naturally looks only at human-scale explanations and mechanisms, the truly divine being out-of-scope. That’s to be expected, though, and within those limits I think the book is outstanding.

The Slippery Slope of Suffering

Even when Jen is half-baked (her words) she’s worth listening to. Today she quotes several other bloggers, all of whom have noted more or less the same thing: that in our culture, suffering has replaced evil as the thing to be avoided at all costs, and that this has resulted in a decreased respect for human life (as witness the numerous abortions that take place every day, the rise of advocacy for euthanasia, and so forth). She asks,

Why is it that fear of suffering leads to decreased respect for human life?

To which I reply, how can it not?

If suffering is the thing most to be avoided in general, then it follows that my own suffering must be avoided. Given human selfishness, it’s clear that my own suffering must soon take center stage. And suffering is relative. The avoidance of pain soon turns into the avoidance of discomfort, and the avoidance of inconvenience—the avoidance of doing anything at all that would put me out if I can possibly help it. Once one has assumed this attitude, what are other human beings but utilitarian devices to be used to meet my needs, to provide for my comforts and pleasures, and then to be discarded when they no longer serve their purpose?

Love, on the other hand, always involves suffering. To love is to be vulnerable: our loved ones will face trials, will get hurt, will eventually die. We will feel pain on their behalf—and sometimes we will feel pain because they hurt us. The risk is ever-present, and frequently realized.

To love well, we must suffer well. If we choose never to suffer at all, is it surprising that we find it easier to dispose of others rather than to love them?

Validation and Vanity

Jen at Et Tu has just written a timely post on the dangers of looking for validation in the comments on your blog posts. I link to it because it speaks to some things I’ve been thinking about, and indirectly to one of the reasons why I’ve not been posting much recently: intellectual vanity.

As I noted a while back, I’m currently fascinated by the Dominicans, the “Order of Preachers”. One of the Dominican mottos is to contemplate, and then share the fruits of your contemplation. I’ve been doing a lot of contemplating over the last year, and there are many things I’ve thought might be worthy of sharing. I’ve posted a few of them. But every time I do that, I start waiting and hoping that someone will notice how brilliant I am—that I’ll get buckets of links, and tons of positive comments, and that generally I’ll be regarded as the neatest thing since sliced bread. And while not every such link gets noticed, I’ve gotten just enough encouragement to keep looking for it.

And that means that my goal hasn’t been to teach, or to help others, or to give glory to God, but rather to accumulate glory for myself—which, as I realized some months ago, is intellectual vanity. Consequently, I more or less put myself on a blogging diet whilst pondering this. And I’ve come to a number of conclusions. First is that I need to spend more time with real flesh-and-blood people and less time with pixels (i.e., with people at our parish, with friends, and with family). Second is that blogging about the things I’m thinking about is OK, but I need to watch my attitude.

So, if you liked this post, feel free not to tell me. 🙂

Society vs. People

I used to tell people, “There’s no such thing as Society. There’s only People.” Most of them, especially the more liberal, would look at me really funny. It’s an overstatement, but I think it’s mostly true. And what I mean by it is, the only real way to change society is to change the hearts and minds of individual people. There are lots of ways to do that, but when you’re thinking in terms of Society most of those ways begin to look like a sledgehammer…or, maybe, a pile-driver. It’s hard to be subtle when you’re dealing with people as a mass of population. If you want to be subtle, you need to work with each individual heart, each individual mind. Of course, it’s almost impossible to do that when you’re dealing with People as a mass of population. Hence the constant temptation to try to engineer Society.

Over at Amy Welborn’s place, she quotes somebody named Angelo Matera, who said (in a much longer excerpt) “This is the spiritual method of the lay movements, not the political method used by Catholic pressure groups.” It occurred to me, on reading this, that this “political method” is based on a subtle fallacy: that the “powers that be” are a ring in the nose of the body politic, and if you manipulate them properly you can steer the body politic in the direction you want it to go. There’s some truth to this, in the political arena; but it doesn’t work very well as a form of social engineering. Just because you’ve got the leaders going the way you want them to, doesn’t mean that the rank-and-file are going to buy into it. And this is even more true in the world of the Catholic Church, where the Magisterium doesn’t answer to the voters in any American sense.

On the other hand, the Christian faith is precisely the thing that can change hearts and minds across society, because it changes them one heart and mind at a time. More to the point, Christ asks each of us to change our own heart, our own mind—to allow Him to change them for us. Christianity is attractive, not coercive. We witness to others through our lives; we call out to others to come drink of the living water and never thirst again. They, then, can choose to change their own hearts and minds, with Christ’s help.

The bottom line is this: if you really want to change the world, don’t bother with the political process. Let Christ lead you into service. Serve those He leads you to. Let Him use you to lead others into service.

Follow Christ and the World (and the Church!) can take care of itself.

Forbearance: A Meditation

I was pondering the Sorrowful Mysteries today, and had some reflections I thought were worth sharing.

Ever since Nicaea, the Church has held that Christ has two natures: He is fully human, and fully divine, at one and the same time. His two natures cannot be separated, but are nevertheless distinct. This is a difficult thing to keep in mind (he said with dry understatement). While knowing and believing that Jesus is God-Incarnate, Man Divine, I tend not to think about Jesus’ human side. But Jesus was a man like us in all things but sin. And that means He had a choice.

Jesus didn’t have to do it. The essence of His sacrifice—the thing that makes it a sacrifice—is that He had a choice. At any time during His passion, with but a word, or perhaps even a thought, He could have summoned the hosts of Heaven. He could not be forced to submit to the lash, the thorns, the mockery, the spitting, the slapping, the road to Calvary, the Cross, the nails, the spear; He chose to submit to these things. All the while He was suffering and bearing the pain and humiliation, He in his humanness must needs also force Himself to continue to do so. With every lash He must, of His own free will, choose to bear the next one. It was His choice.

We know that it wasn’t easy for Him. He spent the night in Gethsemane agonizing over the choice, and asking His Father that this cup might pass from His lips.

One of the early heresies held that Jesus had no Human nature, but was only Divine; the Passion was therefore easy for Him. The Church rejected this. Indeed, it seems to me (I hope I do not fall into heresy with this) that during His Passion, Jesus needed to be most fully Human, that his Divine self could give little or no aid. We know that on the Cross there came a moment when He felt utterly abandoned, and He cried out, “My God, my God, why hast Thou forsaken me?”

What enabled Him to bear so much suffering, and to choose to let it continue for so many hours? If it wasn’t His Divinity, what could it be? So I asked myself. And the answer, of course, was Love. Jesus allowed the suffering to continue out of Love. Love for you and I; but also Love for the very men who were tormenting Him. He was God; He could easily have destroyed them with a word. But He loved them, and forgave them even as they killed Him.

And so, I thought…maybe in His Human suffering He had one Divine aid: He was able to Love us with the Father’s Love.

And then I thought…maybe not. Maybe Jesus had to do it all in His own strength, as you and I cannot do. Maybe for His sacrifice to have meaning, His Humaness was on its own. The words from the Cross seem to indicate this.

In that case, we were saved, in that time of suffering, by Jesus’ purely Human love, by His strength of will in the greatest of the virtues, Charity.

Jesus, being free from concupiscence, that tendency to sin from which all the rest of us suffer, was not thereby free from temptation, this we know. As He was free from sin, we can assume He had no vices. But it does not follow that in human terms his virtues were innate. Perhaps he had to cultivate them as the rest of us do…through constant practice.

Thirty-three years of practice.

Perhaps that’s the reason for the Lost Years, from His visit to the Temple when He was twelve until the beginning of His public ministry eighteen years later. Perhaps that’s how long it took, leading a perfect and holy life, to develop that charity, that heroic virtue, that would enable Him to bear the torments and humiliations of His Passion with patience, forbearance, and love.

Update: I’ve just read that St. Thomas Aquinas, in his Summa Theologica, teaches that Jesus had all of the virtues in heroic measure from the instant of his conception. Me, I’m not going to argue with St. Thomas. Oh, well.