Bullet for a Star

A couple of days ago, Lars Walker reviewed Bullet for a Start, a light hard-boiled detective novel (if that makes sense) by Stuart M. Kaminsky. I was looking for books to read yesterday, and it sounded light and entertaining, and for the most part it was.

The book is set in the 1940’s; the protagonist is one Toby Peters, a small-time PI who used to be a security guard at the Warner Brothers studio. He’s called in to investigate a blackmail attempt against Error Flynn, and along the way runs into Peter Lorre, Humphrey Bogart, Edward G. Robinson, and others. Oh, and he gets beat up repeatedly.

This is the first in a series of novels first published in the 1970’s, and in the usual way of things (according to Lars) Toby isn’t quite himself yet.

If this sounds at all interesting, you should go take a look at Lars’ post; I don’t see any point in repeating his perfectly accurate review.

The Spy Who Came In From The Cold

Being stuck at home with a cold yesterday, I went looking for Kindle books to read; and since I’d read and enjoyed John le Carre’s Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy and its immediate sequels a few months ago, Amazon suggested I try The Spy Who Came in from the Cold.

I started it with some trepidation; Tinker and its successors are not easy books, requiring patience and much reading between the lines. I knew Spy was worth the effort, but I wasn’t sure whether I was up to making it. As it happens, I needn’t have worried. I don’t know whether Spy is really easier to follow, or whether I’ve simply acquired a sense of how le Carre works, but I enjoyed it thoroughly.

It’s the story of Alec Leamus, the head of station in Berlin prior to the erection of the Berlin Wall. As the wall goes up he sees all of his agents being killed one by one; as the book begins the last one is shot dead just a few yards shy of Checkpoint Charlie. Alec is old, and tired, and there is no longer much of a station to be head of, and he returns to London in disgrace.

It seems that his networks were rolled up by the exertions of a German named Mundt, the head of the East German counter-espionage office. Leamus has come to hate Mundt, and when Control offers him the chance to bring about Mundt’s downfall he jumps at it. The remainder of the book details the operation.

The Kindle edition I read includes a forward by le Carre, in which he explains that he wrote Spy in just six weeks while employed at the British Embassy in Bonn. It was inspired by the rise of the Wall, and by le Carre’s own bitterness and loneliness, and so it is a bleak novel of betrayal and pain…but also deeply fascinating.

If you’ve not read le Carre, and are at all interested in espionage and spy fiction, this strikes me as an excellent book to begin with.

It’s Quiet. Too Quiet.

I’m at home sick with a cold, and, shockingly, it’s quiet around here. The contractors finished up the bulk of the jackhammering yesterday, and now with the extraneous walls removed and the foundations and plumbing all exposed, we can see what needs to be done structurally. We had the architect and a structural engineer come through yesterday afternoon, and now we’re just waiting to see what they tell us. In the meantime, it’s quiet. No hammering, no saws, no voices.

I’m sorry that the work isn’t going forward today (though not as sorry as our contractor is), but on the other hand, it’s nice that things are restful.

Up Jim River

Up Jim River is the sequel to Michael Flynn’s The January Dancer, which I reviewed a few days ago.

It has a somewhat different feel to it than its predecessor. The January Dancer is told primarily in retrospect: a bard finds a scarred old man in the Bar on Jehovah, and wangles a story out of him about the Twisting Stone. The tale alternates between the bard and the old man and the main matter of the story; and the main matter of the story covers a lot of ground. One of the neat things about the book is the structure: the old man insists on telling the story in his own way, and that way isn’t entirely linear.

Up Jim River picks up where The January Dancer leaves off. One of the principles of the earlier tale, a Hound of the Ardry named Bridget ban, has disappeared, and the bard dragoons the old man to help her go searching. Indeed, the bard is Bridget ban’s daughter, and entire “modern” part of the previous book was simply part of the bard’s search. As a result, Up Jim River is much more linear than its predecessor, and seems to move at a more deliberate pace.

Nevertheless, I enjoyed it thoroughly. As I said in my earlier review, the Spiral Arm of Flynn’s imagining is an interesting place, and we get to see much more of it. Some of the old characters return, and it’s interesting to see them “for real” rather than through the old man’s eyes; and there are a number of intriguing new characters as well. And though this is the second book in a longer work, it isn’t simply advancing the global story arc; it has a definite beginning and end of its own.

The third volume in the series is called In the Lion’s Mouth, which has just recently been released; I intend to read it as soon as the e-book price has come down some.

The Four Causes

I promised a couple of days ago to talk about Aristotle’s view of causality.

Remember that Aristotle was responding to earlier philosophers, who tended toward two viewpoints: everything is One, and change is an illusion, or everything is in flux, and stability is an illusion. Aristotle brought it down to human scale and noted that we do see things change and we do see things stay the same; and then in his usual fashion thought it all out in extravagant detail. What, he asked, is involved when something changes? He reduced it down to four things, which he called “causes” or “principles” of change.

First, you have to have something to begin with, something that changes. This is called the material cause, or simply the matter. If I throw a ball, the ball is the matter. When an apple changes from green to red, the apple is the matter.

Next, you have to have something that makes the change happen. This is called the effective cause, or sometimes the agent. If I throw a ball, I’m the agent. That’s clear enough. But what about an apple that changes from green to red? It depends. If the apple changes color because I painted it, then clearly I’m the agent. Normally, though, the apple changes from green to red all by itself; it is the apple’s nature to do so, and the apple itself is the agent. In one case, the agent is external, and in the other it is internal. This is part of what it means for something to be natural: it arises out of the thing’s own nature.

Next, there’s how the matter changes, what’s new about it after the change. This is called the formal cause; in Aristotelian terms, the matter receives a new form. Form is not simply shape. When I throw the ball and it rolls into the corner, the ball has a new position; it has the form of being there in the corner, rather than here in my hand. When the apple turns green, it now has the form of greenness.

And finally, no pun intended, there is the final cause, also known as the end. Final causes probably need a whole post to themselves; for now, I’ll simply say that the end is where the process of change stops. As such, it is often the same as the formal cause. Suppose a breeze blows a ball off of the table, and it rolls into the corner. The change ends when the ball stops moving; its new position is the terminus or end. The final cause can also be thought of as the reason for the change: change stops because the desired end state has been reached. But more of that anon.

A Dirty Business

So I went into my kitchen today, to see what progress had been made…AND THERE WAS DIRT! There was a big pit along one wall, and piles of DIRT! There’s DIRT under my house! Who knew?

You see, our house is on a slab. There’s no crawlspace anywhere; and all of the ground immediately around the house is paved with flagstones or bricks. I’ve always known that there’s dirt under my house, but I’ve never, you know, seen any of it. I wasn’t expecting to see it today, either.

However, it’s a good sign. Some of the drains coming down from upstairs need to be re-routed, and since we’re putting in a bathroom downstairs where our pantry used to be, we’ve got new drains to be added. The digging is all in aid of this, which means that we’ve moved from mere demolition to actual construction. Sound the trumpets!

Natural Law

Having gotten myself started with philosophy blogging, I’ve been kind of at a loss to know what to talk about next. There are so many topics of interest, and they are all related, and it’s hard to know where to start.

Thanks to the peculiarly timed bit of tyrannical overreach on the part of the Department of Health and Human Services that’s been much discussed on-line in recent weeks, however, lots of people have been talking about the Church’s position on contraception. This, in turn, is based on natural law theory, and natural law theory is based on an Aristotelian view of causality and of human nature; and if I can’t get at least half-a-dozen good-sized posts out of the first half of this sentence I’m not trying hard enough.

The essence of natural law theory (about which, as always, I am not an expert) is that there are certain natural laws of human behavior—laws about how humans ought to behave—that derive from human nature, from what it means to be human, and that can be be known with certainty by human reason, without any need for divine revelation. If this were true, one would expect that most cultures in most times and places would generally agree on questions of morality. It’s customary these days to emphasize the disagreements, and even to say that they outweigh the agreements; but this turns out not to be the case.

C.S. Lewis talks about the natural law in his book The Abolition of Man, which I highly recommend. In an appendix, he goes through the moral teachings of the great cultures of the world point by point, appealing to their holy books and great teachers, and shows that to a first approximation moral teachings really are the same everywhere. The same principles apply. Often they are held to apply only to “real people”, “people like us”: my family, my race, my country. But even if I believe that I may morally steal from you, or kill you, you’ll note that you aren’t allowed to steal from me or kill me. The shocking thing about Christianity is that in principle (thought not always in practice) it increases the range of “people like us” to all of humanity.

Next up: causality.

The January Dancer

There are a number of authors best known for writing fiction whose non-fiction I generally prefer. Mark Twain is first among them; I’m afraid I’d much rather read Life on the Missippi than Huckleberry Finn. And as it happens, Mike Flynn is another. In the Country of the Blind left me cold; there’s much to like about Eifelheim, but I don’t love it the way many people seem to; but what I really enjoy are his blog posts, which are intelligent, witty, and informative. In fact, I enjoy his blog so much that I truly feel a little bad about not enjoying his books more. It’s like admiring Richard Feynman for his bongo playing.

Consequently, I’m pleased to say that I enjoyed his recent space opera The January Dancer quite a lot. It takes place in the far future, in the other spiral arm of our galaxy. The action of the book concerns a search by numerous folks for a Maguffin called the Dancer, a red brick-like object that has the tendency to change its shape when you’re not looking. Both the action and the characters are interesting and memorable; but what I really enjoyed was the back story: what does this far-future milieu look like, and how did it get to be the way that it is?

Flynn has created a world in which engineering is simply a tool, and science is only a memory. The basic technologies of daily life (including space flight) are retained and passed down from generation to generation, but no new research is done. The people of the Spiral Arm, all of them human, are there because of an event remembers as the Great Cleansing, when the settlers of Dao Chetty (Tau Ceti?) forcibly removed the people of Earth and possibly other nearby systems from their homes and sent them in colony ships across the Rift. The ships were ethnically mixed in an attempt to destroy all Old Earth ethnicities. In the course of time, Earth itself was resettled by those with little memory of the cultures that had once lived there.

Earth is remembered primarily by the “Terrans,” an underclass who try to remember the lost cultures of Earth, and hope one day to free Earth from the sway of the Old Confederacy based on Dao Chetty. There are Terrans on most worlds; and among themselves they speak an odd and beautifully imagined patois drawn from a dozen Old Earth languages. One of the main characters, the Fudir, is a Terran, and much I enjoyed reading about him.

But this is all background, and I don’t want to tell you much about the plot or the characters. Better you should discover them on your own.