The Court of the Air

Stephen Hunt’s The Court of the Air is an odd and wildly baroque tale set in a vaguely victorian steampunk world, set so far in the future that there have been “phase changes” in the very laws of physics. Most of it takes place in the Kingdom of Jackals, Hunt’s pseudo-Britain, with excursions to the Steamman Free State and the underground ruins of the Chimecan empire. Jackals is defended by the airships of the Royal Aerial Navy, and rules the skies uncontested, as Jackals has the only known supply of “celgas”. The country of Quatershift, next door, has just had a “communityist revolution”, followed by a reign of terror in which the Enemies of the people are fed to the gruesome Gideon’s Collar.

The tale follows two orphans. Molly is a workhouse orphan with a knack for working with machinery and also for annoying her employers. The second, Oliver, passed through the Feymist Curtain in an aerostat crash as a baby and was found wondering nearby as a young boy, apparently unharmed—but even momentary exposure to the feymist can change a person forever, giving them strange and unheard of powers, as well as mental and physical deformities. Oliver is apparently normal, but is shunned by everyone but his uncle; and he is “registered with the county” and must report to a senior worldsinger each week to be tested for fey powers.

Meanwhile, Quatershift is preparing for an invasion; fifth columnists are at work; and deep below ground a man who calls himself Tzayloc is preparing a bloody sacrifice to recall the insectoid gods of the Chimecan empire, the evil and alien Wildcoatyl, banished these thousand years, to help build a world of perfect equality.

And that’s not the half of it. I haven’t mentioned the transaction engines, the steam-powered steammen, the craynarbians, Jackals’ peculiar method of ensuring that their kings will never raise arms against the people, or their quaint mode of parliamentary debate.

I’m not sure quite what to make of the book, honestly. Sometimes it appears that Hunt is reaching for satirical humor, but neither the writing nor the situations are particularly funny. Thrilling, often, exciting, occasionally violent, mysterious…but not funny. Most of the humor comes in the form of names of people and places that are almost but not quite the same as names from Victorian Britian. The “communityists” are also known as Carlists after Benjamin Carl, for example. There’s mention of a giant gun, used by the Quatershifts against Jackals, called “Long Tim”. I seem to recall a giant clock in the tower of the House of Guardians called “Large Tom”, or something like that. Oh, and there’s a gun shop owned by a Mrs. Loade and a Mr. Locke. Har har. Oh, and the evil Wildcoatyl are opposed by the ancient Hexmachina. (Say that out loud. Take the H off.) Satirical or not, it’s impossible to take it seriously.

On the other hand, the book kept me turning pages. There are two or three sequels, independent tales set in the same world; and given the scale of the events in this volume, I’m rather curious just how the others are connected. So I might have more to say about Mr. Hunt in the future.

On Being Child-like

Jesus tells us, “Truly I say to you, unless you turn and become like children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven.” (Matt 18:3). We tend to think that this is because there’s just something special, something innocent, about children.

In his book The Beatitudes, Simon Tugwell points out that the ancients were not sentimental about children or childhood; and any parent who is paying attention knows that small children are neither innocent nor virtuous.

Rather, the essential thing about little children is that they have no past. They have no achievements. They have no competence. They can receive nothing on their own merit; all that they receive they must receive as pure gift.

And so with adults as well. We can only receive God’s grace, God’s salvation, as pure gift. But because we can achieve things on our own in the purely human realm, we presume that we can do so in the spiritual realm as well. We cannot. All depends on the Lord.

The Big Idea

I’m currently reading The Court of the Air, a fantasy novel by Stephen Hunt, and have run into the following striking passage. Two of the characters have come across the bodies of refugees who died trying to escape from a brutal regime. The younger asks how this can happen. The elder says this:

“Why?” said Harry. “For the big idea, Oliver. Someone comes up with the big idea—could be religion, could be politics, could be the race you belong to, or your class, or philosophy, or economics, or your sex or just how many bleeding guineas you got stashed in the counting house. Doesn’t matter, because the big idea is always the same—wouldn’t it be good if everyone was the same as me—if only everyone else thought and acted and worshipped and looked like me, everything would become a paradise on earth.

“But people are too different, too diverse to fit into one way of acting or thinking or looking. And that’s where the trouble starts. That’s when they show up at the door to make the ones who don’t fit vanish, when, frustrated by the lack of progress and your stupidity and plain wrongness at not appreciating the perfection of the big idea, they start trying to shave off the imperfections. Using knives and racks and axe-men and camps and Gideon’s Collars. When you see a difference in a person and can see only wickedness in it—you and them—the them become fair game, not people anymore but obstacles to the greater good, and it’s always open season on them….

“Because the big idea suffers no rival obsessions to confuse its hosts, no dissent, no deviation or heresy from its perfection. You want to know what these poor sods really died for, Oliver? They died for a closed mind to small to hold more than a single truth.

My emphasis.

There’s a lot of truth in what Harry says; the 20th Century was replete with examples, not to mention the French Revolution, which is more or less the pattern for the fictional country being discussed. But I’m especially struck by that last sentence. According to Harry, insistence on One Truth always leads to the same thing: repression, violence, and so forth. We must have open minds large enough to hold multiple truths.

The difficulty is that this notion is simply incoherent. Truth is. What is, is true. What is not, is not true. Two compatible truths are, in a sense, one truth; two incompatible truths cannot both be true. They can, however, both be false—and that’s what Harry’s ultimately arguing: we can’t know the truth. It sounds brave and bold enough, to say that our minds must be open wide enough to hold multiple truths, but it’s simply intellectual despair.

And then, is it necessary that an insistence on One Truth will always lead to repression, violence, and so forth? The Catholic Church claims to have the One Truth; but the Church doesn’t say, “if only everyone else thought and acted and worshipped and looked like me, everything would become a paradise on earth.” In fact, the Church says, “If everyone else thought and acted and worshipped and looked like me, the world would be in a real mess—because I’m a sinner.” The Church does say that if everyone lived in perfect accordance with the teaching of the Church…we’d have a paradise on earth? In fact, no. If everyone lived in perfect accordance with the teaching of the Church, then everyone would be saints. No doubt the trials of life would be much easier to cope with under those circumstances, but trials would remain.

And even then, even if we were all saints, we wouldn’t all look and act the same. We would all be drawn into unity with Christ…but Christ is the infinite eternal God incarnate, God of perfection inexhaustible. Each saint reflects God’s perfection in his own peculiar way. There are as many ways to be a saint as there are saints.

So what about “shaving off the imperfections”? The Church does teach that we all need to be working at shaving off our own imperfections, or rather, allowing God’s grace to do that. But that’s something each person must do for himself, with God’s help: you can’t do it for or to someone else. And given what the Church teaches about sin, it’s inevitable that at times men of the Church will commit precisely the sin that Harry describes. We did it during the Inquisition; we did it during the Wars of Religion in the 1600’s in Europe. But if what the Church teaches is true, these happenings should be the exceptions rather than the rule; and examining history we see that they are.

The real Truth doesn’t need “knives and racks and axe-men and camps”.

A Matter of Magic

A Matter of Magic, by Patricia C. Wrede, is an omnibus of two juvenile novels, Mairelon the Magician and The Magician’s Ward. Jane picked the two separate volumes up at the library recently, and Jane, James (my 11-year-old son), and I were all thoroughly charmed.

Both books are set in an alternate Regency England in which the Royal College of Wizards has its chambers in a fine building across the Thames from Westminster Abbey. (Yes, the same setting is used in Sorcery and Cecilia and The Misplaced Magician.)

In the first book, our hero, Kim, is a girl street-thief masquerading as a boy who is commissioned by a “toff” to break into the wagon of a street performer named Mairelon the Magician looking for a particular silver bowl. She’s caught, of course; Mairelon isn’t simply a performer, by a leading member of the Royal College undercover. He’s intrigued by Kim, and (much to the misgivings of his servant, Hunch) takes her on as his assistant. What develops from there is not so much a mystery as an utterly charming P.G. Wodehouse-style farce involving the silver bowl, four magic spheres, any number of silver platters, lordlings, criminals, good wizards, evil wizards, and surprises galore, at the end of which Mairelon adopts Kim as his ward and apprentice. (No surprises there.) I especially enjoy Kim’s speech; Wrede has Regency-era “thieve’s cant” down pat.

Turns out that Mairelon is rather a “toff” himself, and in the second book Kim has to begin to cope with that. After a year with Mairelon she’s now seventeen, and must begin thinking about “coming out” to society, with all of the balls, visiting, fine clothes, and so forth that that entails. She’s not at all keen on it, and Mairelon’s not inclined to press…until it is pointed out that as a wizard Kim is anyone’s equal, and must be seen as such. Coupled with this Eliza Doolittle story is really quite a fine mystery, a who-and-how dunnit that works not only as a mystery but also depends for its effect on the magical system of Wrede’s world. The farcical aspects are lacking, but the book is no less charming (or funny) for all that.

The books are juveniles, and not particularly “gritty”; however, Kim does live in London’s underbelly, and so there are references to prostitutes and the like as part of the background. Though I rather wish Wrede had left them out, the references are careful; kids who already know what she’s talking about it will know what’s she’s talking about, and kids who don’t won’t. These books were written in the 1990’s; how things have changed since I was young!

A note for those who find the standalone volumes rather than the omnibus: the editions we read, at any rate, have some of the most misleading cover illustrations and blurbs I’ve seen in a long time. The second is particularly bad; the illustration looks vaguely Wild West rather than Regency England. Don’t be put off; this is good stuff.

Lamentation

Lamentation is Ken Scholes’ first novel, and it’s a doozy. The setting is, at first glance somewhat familiar: it’s a post-post-apocalypse novel. Some centuries previous to the action, a technologically and magically advanced civilization collapses in a horrendous war, leading to the time of Laughing Madness. Since then, a new civilization has risen from the ashes of the old, a rise mediated and protected by the brothers of the Androfrancine Order. The new world has not yet risen to the level of the old, and the glories of the past remain refresh in men’s minds.

As such, the backstory is simply a fantasy retelling of the rise of Europe in the wake of the fall of Rome, with the Androfrancine Order playing the part of the Catholic Church: with one significant difference: the Androfrancine Order isn’t a religious order. In Scholes’ own words, the Androfrancines “worship the ‘light’ of human knowledge and accomplishment. Secular humanists and behaviorists start a religion among a small band of survivors to try and protect what’s left of humanity from itself and save what can be saved of its past.” I have doubts about how effective that would be, as I’ve written elsewhere, but it’s a nifty concept for a tale.

In most tales of this post-post-apocalyptic sort, the heroes must fight to prevent civilization from falling again. Ken Scholes has gone one further: the book begins with a fantastic catastrophe in which the entire city of Windwir is destroyed. Windwir is the home of the Order, and of its Great Library, the repository of all of the knowledge the Order has preserved through the centuries—including that which they judged too dangerous to make public. It is the home of most members of the Order, save those who are out on archaeological expeditions, seeking yet more lost knowledge of the ancients. It is the largest city in the land. It is as though, Rome, Athens, Alexandria, and all of the Benedictine monasteries with their libraries were snuffed out in one ghastly moment. Hence the book’s title: Lamentation.

Scholes’ book is not merely post-post-apocalyptic; it’s post-apocalyptic post-post-apocalyptic, which is a move I don’t believe I’ve seen before. It’s like the mystery novel With Malice Aforethought (if I remember the title correctly) that reveals whodunnit in the opening pages. Certainly, I’ve not seen it done with such gusto.

Unlike a typical apocalypse, the lands around Windwir are untouched. The catastrophe is not primarily physical; rather it is political and spiritual. The Order has been the center and organizing principle of the known world for centuries; and now that principle is gone.

On top of this, the civilization that the Order has fostered is fascinating in its own right. There are many different realms in the lands of the Order, each with its own ways, but all tied together by a system of laws and customs and honor called “kin-clave”. The ways of kin-clave are obscure but compelling; I’m curious to know if they are based on any actual culture.

And then there are the characters: Rudolfo the Gypsy-King, bred and shaped to rule, who leads a nomadic life on the Prairie Sea, travelling from one to another of his Nine-fold Houses; Petronus the fisher-man, once Pope of the Order and long thought dead; Jin Li Tam, fair daughter of Vlad Li Tam, steeped in intrigue and her father’s machinations; mad Sethbert, Overseer of of the Entrolusian City States; Neb, Orphan of P’Andro Whym and ward of the devastated Order; the Marsh King; and Vlad Li Tam himself, merchant and puppet-master. Oh, and a talking metal men who might preserve the Order’s most devastating secrets.

From that description, you might expect a novel of ruthless political intrigue, like George R.R. Martin’s The Game of Thrones; but with all due respect to Martin, Scholes’ book is far less tedious. I’m looking forward to the next book in the series.

I’ve written about the Androfrancine Order itself as part of my False Religions series.

Territory

I’ve just finished Territory, by Emma Bull, and I am impressed.

Territory takes place in and around Tombstone, Arizona, in the days leading up to the gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Major characters include Doc Holliday, the Earp brothers, the Clantons, a Chinese sorceror, and a number of folks with serious magical chops. It’s like a collaboration between Larry McMurtry and Tim Powers—and entirely unlike anything else of Bull’s that I’ve read, except that it’s very good. And she makes it look so easy! Go buy it.

What, you want more? Go buy it, already!

False Religions: The Androfrancine Order

The Androfrancine Order appears in Ken Scholes’ novel Lamentation, which I’ve reviewed elsewhere.

Following the collapse of a mighty empire in a war of vast destruction, P’Andro Whym formed the Androfrancine Order to preserve the learning of elder days, to teach useful magic and technology, and to retain and suppress harmful knowledge of the sort that caused the destruction in the first place. Over the following centuries, the order has become the central institution in all the land. The head of the Order is called the Pope; and although the land is now divided into many sometimes squabbling nations, he is regard as King over them all. Meanwhile, the Brothers of the Order send out archaeological teams to the ruined lands seeking yet more lost knowledge, which they preserve in the Library. The Pope is revered by all, and the Order along with him; but the Order is also resented for its control of technology, and for the subtle and secret machinations by which it maintains its position.

Brothers in the Order are celibate, at least in principle, though they sometimes have bastard children; such bastards are raised by the Order as the “Orphans of P’Andro Whym”, are well educated, and often enough join the Order themselves. Between the Brothers and the Pope is a hierarchy of Bishops and Archbishops.

The role the Order plays in Schole’s world is patterned after the role of the Catholic Church in uniting Western civilization and preserving various texts in the scriptoria of countless monasteries after the fall of Rome. This is clearly indicated by the use of the terms “Order”, “Bishop”, “Archbishop”, and “Pope”. But the fascinating thing about the Order is that despite its religious trappings there’s nothing particularly religion-like about it. It has a hierarchy, it has the Gospels of P’Andro Whym, the Pope is honored as a spiritual father by the Brothers…but there is no theology at all. There are mental disciplines of some sort—the Brothers recite quatrains of the Gospels of P’Andro Whym under stress—but the content of the “faith” appears to be entirely materialistic and not at all supernatural. Think of the Abbey of St. Leibowitz without the Catholic faith, and you’ve got it.

For a wonder, there are no Bishops Behaving Badly. It’s clear from Scholes’ book that the members of the order are capable of error and hubris, but for the most part they seem to be carrying out their mission sincerely and with the common good in mind.

It’s such a different conception than usual that most of the categories I’ve come up with don’t apply. It doesn’t make sense to ask whether the beliefs of the Androfrancine Order are true or not, for example, because the Order doesn’t really address eternal verities. And it makes for an interesting book. Ultimately, though, the Androfrancine Order suffers from incoherence. It simply isn’t a believable institution.

The Catholic Church managed to unite Europe because Europe was Christian. But the Androfrancine Order doesn’t really seem to have a religion. There doesn’t seem to be anything about it that would account for the esteem and reverence in which it is held by the population at large; and there’s quite a bit about it that would give powerful men good reason to storm the library and sieze its contents. I could see the Pope of the Order being hated and feared. I could see the Order ruling over mankind with an iron fist. But that doesn’t seem to be how it works. Instead, the Order does what it does, and the people let them, and it seems very unlikely.

There are a number of robots, called “mechoservitors”, in the book, one of which becomes nearly human mentally and emotionally. This is in keeping with the materialist nature of Androfrancine teaching; if intellect is no more than atoms in motion, there’s no reason why a robot can’t be human.

To sum up, we have a number of themes in play here:

  • A Pseudo-Catholic Hierarchy
  • Monasticism (of a sort)
  • Monks Preserving Knowledge
  • Philosophical Materialism
  • Historically Incoherent: This is a value judgement of my own. What I mean is that the social setting at the beginning of Scholes’ book is one that I don’t think could actually have arisen—the forces what would have caused it to develop in those directions and made it stable once there are lacking. Or, of course, they might be hidden from the reader; this is the first book in a series.

Update: I got a note from Ken Scholes himself! He had this to say about the Order:

They worship the “light” of human knowledge and accomplishment. Secular humanists and behaviorists start a religion among a small band of survivors to try and protect what’s left of humanity from itself and save what can be saved of its past. Of course, it backfires down the road a bit despite their best efforts at control.

So there you go!

The Name of the Wind

The Name of the Wind is, so far as I can tell, the first novel by a new author named Patrick Rothfuss; and I enjoyed it considerably.

The novel begins, as fantasy novels so often seem to, in the bar of an small inn in a little village in the back of beyond. The hero, oddly, is not one of the patrons, nor a passing stranger, but the innkeeper himself, a man named Kote. As the action begins, a demon, a spider apparently made of black stone, has attacked one of the locals and fairly sliced his cart horse to ribbons. The local seeks shelter in Kote’s inn, where he breaks in on a drinking party consisting of all of the regulars.

Kote, a quiet man who doesn’t usually intrude himself on his customers, turns out to know something about these demons; and as the action continues and the regulars head off home we discover that Kote is not who he seems. As Kvothe the Bloodless, Kvothe King-Killer, and other lurid names he’s a legend in his own time, and like the famous gunslinger has found that the legend is unpleasant to live with. He’s come to this backwater and changed his name in an attempt to outlive his past. Or not; perhaps he’s just come to die in peace.

So far, so good. Mysterious hero; evil creatures invading sleepy village; clearly Kote is going to have to reveal himself and save the village, and possibly (this being a fantasy novel) the entire world. No sweat. But here the book takes an abrupt left turn.

It seems that an author, a well-known writer of non-fiction books intended to debunk popular misconceptions, has tracked down Kote to his lair, and wants his story. And after a certain amount of discussion, Kote—Kvothe—chooses to tell it. And most of the rest of the book is Kvothe’s first person account of his life.

The Name of the Wind is the first book in a trilogy, unsurprisingly, and so we only hear about Kvothe’s early life, from his earliest days as a member of a family of traveling players through a period as a street urchin (a common trope these days, but well-handled) to his time at the Academy where he studies to be an “arcanist”, i.e., a wizard. And through his story we begin to learn the background of his world, its secret history, and of his enemies the Chandrian, and of his quest to learn the Name of the Wind, the name that will allow him to control the elements of the air.

It’s an odd way to structure a novel, but it works perfectly well; and clearly by the time we reach the end of Kvothe’s story it will be time for him to take action against the demons. I’m rather eager to read the next book.

I’ve discussed the dominant religion in Kvothe’s world, the Church of Tehlu, in the first of my “False Religions” posts.

False Religions: The Church of Tehlu

The Church of Tehlu appears in Patrick Rothfuss’ novel The Name of the Wind. It is the established religion in the regions in which the story takes place.

Rothfuss tells us fairly little about the Church of Tehlu as an institution. We know that there are priests, and that the priests have the support of the rulers. There are persistent rumors about pedophilia among the priesthood; in one city, the street urchins sometimes accept help from the priests of Tehlu, but run when invited to come inside the church. We also know that some of the priests are zealous to seek out and arrest heretics. The general notion is of a corrupt and venal priesthood: Priests Behaving Badly. We do meet one saintly man, one who lives with and cares for the street children, especially those with special needs; and it is hinted that he might once have been a priest of Tehlu. Thus, we have the sense that if there are saints, they are not found in the church.

Rothfuss tells us nothing about the practice of the church. Not only is the main character pretty much unconcerned with religion, there’s little sense of religion playing any significant part in the day-to-day lives of the people he runs into. If there’s a regular day of worship, or any usual sacrifices or tithes, or any daily practice of religion, we are not informed. We do meet one street bully who’s concerned not to anger Tehlu, and we gather that the country folk are more religious (read, more credulous) than the city folk.

There is a yearly festival that is celebrated all across the land that celebrates Tehlu, who delivered mankind from fierce demons.

Tehlu, it seems, is the creator of all that is and of mankind in particular. Tehlu looks down upon earth and sees mankind behaving badly all across the land. In all the world, he finds one good person, a woman whose name I don’t remember, and he speaks with her, and asks petulantly why he shouldn’t destroy mankind for their sins? She argues with him, and asks him how he expects mankind to act, when they are so plagued with demons? They have no time to be good, being so afflicted. Tehlu then incarnates himself in her womb, is born as a man, and grows to adulthood in a matter of months. Declaring himself to be Tehlu, he travels the world hunting down and killing the demons. (As so often in fantasy novels, demons are portrayed as corporeal entities who can be slain.) At last Tehlu gives his life to slay the last of the demons, using a vast iron wheel to cook the demon to death, and returns to the heavens. Hence, the symbol of Tehlu worship is the wheel—which, surprisingly, does not appear to be a symbol of the wheel of time.

The festival celebrates Tehlu’s victory over the demons. During the festival, which lasts a week, the young and young at heart in each town dress as demons and roam about, wreaking havoc, except to those that invoke Tehlu; and one man dresses as Tehlu and roams about banishing the demons one by one.

The essential question to ask about any religion, fictional or otherwise, is “Is it true?” Some fictional religions are intended to be true within the fictional world, and some are not. I’ll use the world theosphere to connote the supernatural reality of a fictional world.

So, is the Church of Tehlu true within the theosphere of Rothfuss’ world? It would appear not. At least, the main character, a man of wider experience than most, thinks that the church of Tehlu is simply a convenient fiction that most people use to explain a world they do not understand. There are no demons; but there are creatures that it’s convenient to call demons when dealing with the simple (i.e., almost anyone but the main character). The true nature of Rothfuss’ theosphere remains opaque.

Thus, The Name of the Wind uses the following standard tropes:

  • Priests Behaving Badly: as explained above.
  • Esotericism: the ultimate truth about the world is veiled from almost everyone, and from the conventionally religious most of all. The hero, however, knows better.
  • Corporeal Demons: As is usual in fantasy, the line of demarcation between the physical and spiritual realms is muddy.
  • Heterodox Saints: saintly behavior is inversely proportional to orthodox church membership.
  • Absence of Practice: although religion is present in the book, practice of religion is conspicuous by its absence. It’s not clear, though, whether practice is absent from Rothfuss’ world, or simply from Rothfuss’ book.